La Négritude

La Négritude was a literary and ideological movement led by francophone black intellectuals in the early 1930s in Paris.The movement is generally characterized by:
1- Reaction to colonialization: Denunciation of Europe's lack of humanity, rejection of Western domination .
2- Identity crisis: Acceptance of and pride in being black; valorization of African history, traditions, and beliefs.
3- Very realistic literary style.

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Magna Carta

1- The Magna Carta or the Great Charter is an English legal document written in 1215 which had a huge influence on the developing legal system of England. 

2- King John of England (1166 - 1216) signed the Magna Carta after immense pressure from the Church and his barons which greatly reduced the power he held as King of England and allowed for the formation of a powerful parliament. 

3- The Magna Carta was a collection of 37 English laws - some copied, some recollected, some old and some new. 

4- The Magna Carta demonstrated that the power of the king could be limited by a written grant.

5- King John later abandoned the Magna Carta, triggering a war which lasted until his death in 1216. 

6- His son, Henry III, took the throne, and reissued the Magna Carta in 1225, albeit in a different version. 

7- Several more drafts of the Magna Carta were produced, enforcing its role in English society, until the final version was released by Edward I in 1297.

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★ In 1919, the American people voted in favor of a new amendment to the Constitution.

★ The 18th amendment prohibited the making or selling of alcoholic drinks in the United States for a healthier , happier country.

★ But many Americans were not willing to give up alcoholic drinks.

★ Millions began to break the Prohibition law.Illegal drinking places were called "speakeasies", the city of Chigaco had 10,000 of them.New York had 32,000.

★ By the end of the 1920s most Americans regarded Prohibition as scandal.

★ Prohibition was finally given up in 1933.But it had done the USA lasting harm.

★ It made law-breaking a habit for many, gangsters remained powerful.

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