Surprising Uses for '''Chalk'''

Perhaps you think you’ve graduated from chalk — after all, who needs the stuff when you’re no longer interested in playing hopscotch?!
But chalk isn’t all fun and games. Indeed, there are several practical and clever ways to use chalk around the house. check out some of them.

Cleaning

1- Prevent Musty Closets. A bundle of chalk in a closet will go a long way in preventing the mustiness that all too often occurs in closets.

2-Remove Grease Stains.
Removing grease stains is often tricky business. Rub chalk on the clothing item’s affected area and let it sit for about 10 minutes. This should help absorb some of the grease. Before throwing it in the washing machine, wipe off the excess dust.

3- Stop Silver from Losing its Luster. Keep a bundle of chalk in the same place that you store your silver. It’ll absorb the moisture and prevent the silver from tarnishing.

4- Clean Pewter. Make a paste with a ground-up piece of chalk and vodka. Rub on pewter, rinse it off, and polish.

First Person To convert an element into another 

┗▶ Lord Rutherford was the first person to successfully attempt converting 1 element into another.

┗▶ In 1919, he bombarded alpha particles (2 protons) coming from uranium into Nitrgoen Gas. (An atom of Nitrogen has 7 protons)

┗▶ This is what happened on the atomic scale : 1 atom of nitrogen absorbed 1 alpha particle and at the same time also gave off 1 proton.

┗▶ Thus 8 protons were left inside the nucleus but an atom with 8 protons is called "Oxygen".

┗▶ So Rutherford had successfully converted Nitrogen into Oxygen and this process of converting 1 atom into another is called "Transmutation."

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A cube of iridium 6 inches on a side (15 cm) would weigh as much as an average adult human.

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Astatine

Astatine is the rarest element on Earth (approx 28g in the Earth's entire crust.)

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Californium 

1- The element Californium 252 is often called the most expensive element in the world (as much as $68 million for one gram).

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The difference between ((ice and snow ))?

1- Though ice and snow are both made up of water, there is a difference between the two.

2- Snow is nothing but the frozen atmospheric vapour which falls in winters on earth as light flakes whereas ice is simply frozen water. 

3- Another difference is that  snow fall can be seen only in winters at areas of high altitudes and places near the Polar regions whereas ice can be seen in any season of the year in our refrigerator.

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‎"Plastic"


┗▶ Definition ::

★ A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.

★ Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances.

★ They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.



┗▶ Classification ::

★ Plastics are usually classified by their chemical structure of the polymer's backbone and side chains.

★ Often a polymer is defined by its monomers.

★ Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics.

★ Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such as condensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.



┗▶ Types of Plastics ::

★ There are two types of plastics: thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers.


1 - Thermoplastics are the plastics that do not undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and can be moulded again and again.

★ Examples include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

★ Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight.

★ These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, derived from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units.


2 - Thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid.

★ In the thermosetting process, a chemical reaction occurs that is irreversible.

★ The vulcanization of rubber is a thermosetting process.

★ Before heating with sulfur, the polyisoprene is a tacky, slighly runny material, but after vulcanization the product is rigid and non-tacky.



┗▶ Common plastics and uses ::

★ Polyester (PES) – Fibers, textiles.

★ Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – Carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film, microwavable packaging.

★ Polyethylene (PE) – Wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags, plastic bottles.

★ High-density polyethylene (HDPE) – Detergent bottles and milk jugs.

★ Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – Plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames, flooring.

★ Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (Saran) – Food packaging.

★ Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) – Outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging.

★ Polypropylene (PP) – Bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers), plastic pressure pipe systems.

★ Polystyrene (PS) – Packaging foam/"peanuts", food containers, plastic tableware, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes.

★ High impact polystyrene (HIPS) -: Refrigerator liners, food packaging, vending cups.

★ Polyamides (PA) (Nylons) – Fibers, toothbrush bristles, fishing line, under-the-hood car engine moldings.

★ Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) – Electronic equipment cases (e.g., computer monitors, printers, keyboards), drainage pipe.

★ Polycarbonate (PC) – Compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights, lenses.

★ Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC/ABS) – A blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic. Used in car interior and exterior parts, and mobile phone bodies.

★ Polyurethanes (PU) – Cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings, printing rollers (Currently 6th or 7th most commonly used plastic material, for instance the most commonly used plastic found in cars).

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A unit inch cube of Aluminium contains around 10²4 = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = a trillion times trillion atoms of Aluminium.
Now to know how much a trillion is , image a grain of a sand as a single atom.If u have a whole large truck loaded full of sand grains then that equals to a trillion sand grains. Now if you gather trillion more trucks like that, then that will give you a trillion times trillion sand grains.
That is a really big number you can find only in an inch cube of matter.

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Pearls melt in vinegar.

A pearl is mostly calcium carbonate, which is easily susceptible to even a weak acid solution. The crystals of calcium carbonate are converted by acetic acid (vinegar) into calcium, which dissolves in the residual water, and carbonate that escapes as bubbles of carbon dioxide.
The formula for which is

CaCO3 + CH3COOH ==> Ca + H2O + CO2.

Putting a bit of vinegar on a genuine pearl will make it bubble. Real pearls which are calcium carbonate, react to vinegar by producing bubbles. Fake pearls do not react to vinegar.


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The three Most Common Elements in the Universe are:
1- Hydrogen 2- Helium 3- Oxygen

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★ A typical cell of an organism contains about 10¹² = 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 trillion atoms.

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★ Gasoline liquid[Petrol] (highly inflammable) dosn't burn itself, it's vapours burn and not the liquid when exposed to fire.

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★ In one second, a cesium atom vibrates more than nine billion times in an atomic clock.

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★ A common house-hold stove can have a maximum temperature of 350°C


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★ A chewing gum is mostly plastic and rubber , the plastic that makes up a chewing gum is called "Polyvinyl Acetate" so chewing gum in chemistry is also called Polyvinyl Acetate.

★ There are to types of plastics in Chemistry ::
1-Thermosetting plastics : those plastics which can be repeatedly moulded like that of buckets in your house.
2-Thermoplastics : those plastics which can only be moulded once in their manufacture and afterwards cannot be softened like plastic of switches in your house.

★ If you sell an old used bucket, its worth something still, but the switch isn't worth anything as you cannot reshape it.

★ Thank God chewing gum is a thermoplastic otherwise like polythene bags, the same gum would also be reused possibly a thousand times !

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Did you notice there is no letter "J" on the Periodic Table of Elements.

A possible reason, mostly elements were named by their discoverer, and "J" is a rather rare letter in naming people, and secondly there is also no "J" in Latin(well, classical Latin at least) and most of the elements are named in "Latin" styles.


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The oceans contain enough salt to cover all the continents to a depth of nearly 500 feet...


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Clear(diamond) & Black(Graphite)
2 well-known Allotropes of Carbon.

Atomic Number : 6
Symbol : C
Atomic Weight : 12.011
Discovery : Carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time.
Electron Configuration : [He]2s22p2
Word Origin : Latin carbo, German Kohlenstoff, French carbone: coal or charcoal
Isotopes : There are seven natural isotopes of carbon. In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights.
Properties : Carbon is found free in nature in three allotropic forms: amorphous (lampblack, boneblack), graphite, and diamond. A fourth form, 'white' carbon, is thought to exist. Diamond is one of the hardest substances, with a high melting point and index of refraction.
Uses : Carbon forms numerous and varied compounds with limitless applications. Many thousands of carbon compounds are integral to life processes. Diamond is prized as a gemstone and is used for cutting, drilling, and as bearings. Graphite is used as a crucible for melting metals, in pencils, for rust protection, for lubrication, and as a moderator for slowing neutrons for atomic fission. Amorphous carbon is used for removing tastes and odors.

Element Classification : Non-Metal

Density (g/cc) : 2.25 (graphite)

Melting Point (K) : 3820

Boiling Point (K) : 5100

Appearance : dense, black (carbon black)

Atomic Volume (cc/mol) : 5.3

Ionic Radius :16 (+4e) 260 (-4e)

Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol) : 0.711

Debye Temperature (°K): 1860.00

Pauling Negativity Number : 2.55

First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol) : 1085.7

Oxidation States : 4, 2, -4

Lattice Structure : Diagonal

Lattice Constant (Å) : 3.570

Crystal Structure : hexagonal

Electronegativity : 2.55 (Pauling scale)

Atomic Radius : 70 pm

Atomic Radius (calc.) : 67 pm

Covalent Radius : 77 pm

Van der Waals Radius : 170 pm

Magnetic Ordering : diamagnetic

Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (graphite) : (119–165) W·m−1·K−1

Thermal Conductivity (300 K) (diamond) : (900–2320) W·m−1·K−1

Thermal Diffusivity (300 K) (diamond) : (503–1300) mm²/s

Mohs Hardness (graphite) : 1-2

Mohs Hardness (diamond) : 10.0

CAS Registry Number : 7440-44-0

┗▶10-facts about Carbon

★ Carbon is the basis for organic chemistry, as it occurs in all living organisms.

★ Carbon is a nonmetal that can bond with itself and many other chemical elements, forming nearly ten million compounds.

★ Elemental carbon can take the form of one of the hardest substances (diamond) or one of the softest (graphite).

★ Carbon is made in the interiors of stars, though it was not produced in the Big Bang.

★ Carbon compounds have limitless uses. In its elemental form, diamond is a gemstone and used for drilling/cutting; graphite is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and to protect against rust; while charcoal is used to remove toxins, tastes, and odors. The isotope Carbon-14 is used in radiocarbon dating.

★ Carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of the elements. The melting point of diamond is ~3550°C, with the sublimation point of carbon around 3800°C.

★ Pure carbon exists free in nature and has been known since prehistoric time.

★ The origin of the name 'carbon' comes from the Latin word carbo, for charcoal. The German and French words for charcoal are similar.

★ Pure carbon is considered non-toxic, although inhalation of fine particles, such as soot, can damage lung tissue.

★ Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe (hydrogen, helium, and oxygen are found in higher amounts, by mass).

┗▶ The Human body has enough Carbon to fill 1,000 pencils.


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The ratio of the size of a nucleus to the size of an atom is the same as your body to an RBC.


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